个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体东西,如: she has three brothers.她有三个哥哥。 … 也可指抽象的东西,如: he’s been here for a month.他在这里待一星期了。 … 下面是一些常见的个体名词: accident account actor adult animal answer apartment article art**t baby bag ball集体名词 集体名词是由个体组成的集体的名称,下面是一些常见的集体名词: ar**tocracy army audience bacteria cast committee community company council crew data enemy family flock gang ** group herd jury media n**y nobility opposition police press proletariat public staff team youth 这些词本身有复数(注明者除外),带复数动词,表示多个集体。 单数集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待。一般说来,作为整体时作单数看待,想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。试比较下面句子: the public was unlikely to support it.公众支持它的可能性不大。 the public were deceived by the news**s.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。 the enemy has suffered he**y losses.敌人受到重大损失。 the enemy were attacking the town.敌军正在攻打该城。 the ** ** d**cussing the proposal.物质名词 物质名词指不可分成个体的物质。下面是一些常见的物质名词: beer brandy cake cheese cloth coal coffee coke cotton carry detergent d**infectant dye fabric fertilizer fuel fur glue ice ink insecticide iron jam jelly juice liqueur lotion meat medicine metal milk oil ointment ore paint ** perfume plastics po**on preservative rain ribbon salad salt sand sauce snow soap soil soup steel sugar tea wh**ky water wine wood wool yarn yoghurt tips: 一般说来物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式,但有一些特殊情况: *有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”,“一杯”等: a dozen beers,please.请来一打啤酒。 … *有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一种”: it was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.这是一种特别的茶,有橘子花味。 … *有个别物质名词可用复数形式,表示特定的意思: the ship was in european waters.船在欧洲水域航行。 … 另外,有少数抽象名词也可用作个体名词,因而也就可数了。试比较下面句子: 用作物质名词 用作个体名词 he was chopping wood.他在砍柴。 they entered a wood.他们走进一个树林。 oil and water will not mix. she has begun a portrait in oils. 油与水不能混合。 她开始画一张油画画像。 children like to play with sand. the children are playing on the sands. 孩子们爱玩沙子。 孩子们在沙滩上玩。 为了表示数量,物质名词前可加“a... of”这类定语: a ball of wool一团毛线 a bar of chocolate一块巧克力 a bottle of brandy一瓶白兰地抽象名词 抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称,它们一般是不可数的,没有复数形式,前面也不能加冠词a,an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词: absence access age agriculture anger beauty beh**iour cancer capacity childhood comfort concern confidence courage death democracy depression design duty economy education energy environment evil ex**tence experience failure faith fashion fear finance freedom fun growth happiness health help h**tory independence industry insurance intelligence joy justice labour loneliness love luck magic marriage mercy music nature patience peace philosophy pleasure policy poverty power pride protection purity reality relief religion respect safety security silence sleep strength status technology time trade training transport tr**el trust truth violence waste wealth weather welfare work worth youth 在多数情况下,这种名词都用于单数形式,并不加任何冠词: knowledge ** power.知识就是力量。(谚) … 但有时也可加定冠词the(a)或不定冠词a或an(b): a.i did not h**e the courage to tell you.我没有勇气告诉你。 … b.we h**e a great respect for the professor.我们很尊重教授。 … 关于冠词的用法,还可详见第207-215节。 此外有些抽象名词也可用作个体名词,代表具体的东西,这时它可以加不定冠词,也可用于复数形式: 用作抽象名词汇 用作个体名词 what are the principles of democracy? a true democracy allows free speech. 什么是**的原则? 真正的****允许有**。 it’s beyond my power to help you. the great powers held an international conference. 我没有能力帮助你。 这些大国开了一次国际会议。 religion meant more and more to her. there are mang religions in the world. 宗教对她变得越来越重要。 世界上有许多种宗教信仰。 20210311