急求一篇与商业银行中间业务有关的英文文章，3000字左右！急，感激不尽

intermediate business of commercial banks and development of intermediate business of commercial banks in china with a comprehensive international compar**on middle of a commercial banking business development activities because of 1.1 an inevitable choice for commercial banks intermediate business of commercial banks and rapid development of the emergence of the underlying reasons are not only driven, but also the result of external factors. first of all, the international community to enter the countries h**e relaxed controls, the liberalization of banking and international trends, including greatly to the middle of the business, including the pace of financial innovation; second, market competition has also promoted the development of intermediary business, traditional business of commercial banks not only faced competition in the same industry, and along with the development of capital market countries, greatly increased the proportion of direct financing, the traditional commercial banks assets, liabilities, business increasingly showing a "sunset industry" the decline, therefore, commercial banks were forced to carry out new business innovation to create a new source of profits; again, the middle of business innovation ** the result of market demand, due to frequent fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, enterpr**es and commercial banks in which the uncertainty of economic environment, increasing the r**k of which the effective management tools, in particular, a number of financial derivatives had a demand for the development of the banking intermediary business that ** r**k management in order to sat**fy customers, as well as other diversified financial services; finally, the banks h**e their own advantages, as well as 20 practical **rmation technology since the 80's the development and extensive use of commercial banks for the development of intermediary business possible. february 1987 at northwestern university in the united states held a deposit-taking institutions on asset securitization and the r**k of development of intermediary business seminar, a scholar on the development of commercial banks in the middle of a large number of business reasons for concluding, that **, commercial banks the development of intermediary business and technology, control, interest rate r**k, customer competition, factors such as capital adequacy ratio are closely related. 1.2 the significance of the development of intermediary business (a) can be extended into a commercial bank intermediary function, to expand their business scale. (b) commercial banks can spread business r**ks, and enhance the bank's ability to res**t r**ks. (c) can play a variety of business, "bundling" effect to enhance the competitiveness of the banks. intermediate business of commercial banks between other business interaction and mutual influence, and the development of intermediary business for the banks not only bring direct profits, but also with other business, the second interaction of the market to enhance the competitiveness of banks. second, commercial banks in the development of intermediary business 2.1 the broader business scope, a wide variety. western countries of the middle-run commercial banks and a wide variety of products to meet the diverse needs of customers, the commercial banks for the new business innovation. the scope of business covered by the middle of the traditional banking, trust services, investment banking, mutual funds and insurance business. they can engage in money market operations, but also can engage in d**counting commercial ** and capital markets business.gradually expand the business scale of 2.2, r**ing income levels. from 1993 to 1996 among the banking business grew from 912 billion dollars to 12.188 trillion dollars, accounting for bank assets from 78% to 142.9%, of which the seven largest banks in the middle of the business lending per cent more than doubled and more. living in the forefront of the u.s. banking industry, citigroup, the americas, such as the middle of the five major banking groups involved in the operational activities of the total assets of more than 2.2 trillion u.s. dollars has the same period, assets and liabilities that banks under the total assets of 780 billion u.s. dollars for the capital sum for the 45 billion u.s. dollars; intermediary business 3 years the **erage growth rate to 54.2%, much higher than the 9 percent **erage annual total assets and total capital at an **erage annual growth rate of 21.6 percent. ① 2.3 middle-income structure of the business change. western commercial banks from 1980 to 1990 of 10 years, the total income of non-spread revenue rapid upward trend in both. the middle of foreign banks operating income generally accounts for 40% of total revenue -50%. acceptance in the united states, citibank, credit investigation, credit rating companies, assets evaluation business, personal financial adv**or business, long-term foreign exchange trading, foreign exchange futures, foreign exchange options, and other intermediary business represented 80 percent brought their profits deposit and lending business profits accounted for only 20% of the total profits. ② 2.4 service means of advanced and high technology. improvement in the level of science and technology for the development of intermediate business of commercial banks to provide a strong foundation for technical support and innovation, especially in recent years can be at any time and any place in any way to provide customers with personalized service network of banks, the emergence of internet banking promoted the development of intermediary business. with the international advanced banking payment system on its strong business in the middle was a huge amount of service fee revenue. third, commercial banks analys** of intermediate products 3.1 clearing-type intermediate products clearing products are usually divided into prom**sory notes, bills of exchange, the three types of checks. settlement of funds between the time of the settlement act, for the customers, the main demand ** to use the banking clearing system, security and timely transfer of funds. settlement ** therefore a means of clearing operations to ensure the successful completion of an important link. on the character**tics of the clearing business, its r**k may come from three aspects: customer r**k factors, r**k factors of post and telecommunications sector and banking r**k factors. for the banks, the first two banks of external r**ks, which ** the bank's internal r**k. ③ 3.2 security type of intermediate products with the development of international trade, the western commercial banks faster development of the security business, including standby letters of credit, guarantee the payment, performance bond, bid security, superv**ion, such as payment by the common varieties. chinese and foreign commercial banks, the security business ** production of the intermediate business with commercial banks to carry out security operations ** the use of banks to provide credit support, that one has to bear because of the r**ks associated with credit support. intermediate goods 3.3 management mainly divided into the banking business, safe operations, personal financial services. since the last century ** the era, as the world's financial system, industry structure, organizational structure, operational modalities and competition ** **ing a profound transformation. the changes in the traditional banking, securities, insurance, trust business increasingly blurred boundaries between the business, while seeking to promote and strengthen the commercial banking and financial activities of globalization and virtual organizations, the banks of the insurance industry to flour**h here development. with the development of the world economy, personal financial services showing a huge space for development. and personal financial services customers of commercial banks ** the core personal financial services in the commercial banks to the "financial services supermarket" the process of development, personal financial services of commercial banks at home and abroad has become the focal point of retail business one. 3.4 adv**ory type of intermediate products intermediary business consulting category refers to the transfer, sale **rmation and provide intelligence services to the main contents of the intermediary business. commercial banks on their own **rmation, talent, credibility and other areas, the collection and presentation of **rmation and **rmation of these customers, as well as banks and financial analys** of campaign records to form a system of **rmation and programs made **ailable to customers, one to meet their management or business development needs. include: credit, corporate credit rating, assets evaluation business and financial **rmation; business and personal financial adv**or business; business consultant business investment and financing, including financing and the international syndicated loan arrangement. 3.5 bank cards, online banking intermediate products bank credit card ** the **sue of commercial banks to the community with consumer credit, debit settlement, access to cash in whole or in part, such as a credit payment function. its fast development, many countries h**e become an important business, many banks and the major source of profit for variety. internet banking ** a banking service to provide customers with new tools, which the ex**ting banking business, based on the use of internet technology to provide customers with comprehensive, consent, security, real-time financial services. internet banking ** not only a banking innovation ** the organizational structure of a bank穿心at the same time, the emergence of internet banking so that the expansion of commercial banks to find new channels for the middle of the business. fourth, the middle of the latest developments in the direction of business securitization of credit assets 4.1 securitization of credit assets refers to a group of poor liquidity through a portfolio of assets, so that th** group of assets to generate stable and predictable cash flow proceeds through the intermediary of certain credit enhancement, the proceeds of these assets the right to change as flows in the financial markets, higher credit rating of bond-type securities. in essence, will be financing the securitization of future cash proceeds of the assets and the corresponding right to transfer the r**k to investors, and the transfer of ownership of the assets may not be entirely. ④ 4.2 fund business a long time, china's commercial banks to develop intermediary business not as a main industry and the new profit growth point to run, but also our country's strict separation of management and other factors, so that the development of the banking sector has been greater restrictions. a direct consequence of these restrictions ** that domestic commercial banks and weak financial innovation. h**e been carried out in the middle of the retail business of the development of varieties, not to profit maximization as the goal, but as absorbing as a means of customer deposits, which resulted in business receipts in the middle of the contribution rate for banks with low profit situation. commercial banks in china's current total income, the proportion of all interest income more than 90%. th** revenue structure ** to enable the assets of china's commercial banks profitability in the last century since the 90's has been in a continuous downward trend in one of the main reasons. studies h**e shown that commercial banks in the u.s. the **erage asset profit rate of china's four state-owned commercial banks **erage of 12.86 times. th** shows that the middle of my business cards, many types of projects though, but their purpose and profit with the situation in western developed countries, significant differences between the modern commercial banking business and a lot of content has yet to enter our field of v**ion. ⑥ 8, china's commercial banks lag in the middle of the reasons for business development 8.1 on the traditional state-owned commercial businesses, as well as the long-term monopoly control of the central bank's interest rates led directly to commercial banks to create a modern inadequate. from abroad, the development of banking business, the increasingly intensified competition in the market forces and customers ** to continuously strengthen the bank to speed up the expansion of the main reasons for non-margin business. china's banking industry from the h**torical path of development, the h**torical factors strangle a certain extent, the domestic commercial banks to expand their business and the autonomy of consciousness. "unification" of thinking, as well as the banking system more rigid domestic commercial banks used to make the **'s command, the lack of response to the economic situation to customers and the market as guide, based on the formulation and implementation of their own advantages for their own development strategies of motivation and ability. 8.2 the development of intermediate business of commercial banks led to a substantial r**k of financial regulation will make the ex**ting system ** facing tremendous pressure. the financial sector at the policy orientation of business limits the room for the development of intermediary business. most of the middle of the business belonging to banks and non-bank financial institutions operating in the field of cross-cutting, so inrong the state's macroeconomic management policies of banks, non-bank financial institutions, the limited scope of business directly determines the intermediate business of commercial banks to open up space. i started in 1993 from a banking, securities, insurance, trust the strict separation of management, the banks can not create a cross-sectoral, comprehensive, multi-faceted business intermediate products, it ** difficult to ra**e the level of business and level of intensive 8.3 bank charges among the business and the lack of standardization. in the absence of corresponding fees and charges based mechan**m, the intermediary business difficult and hard to charge fees, particularly the phenomenon of table. charges not specifically reflected in the financial institutions among the business no express prov**ion charges. difficult to charge in fees and charges due to lack of enforcement mechan**m, financial institutions are afraid of arbitrary collection of charges the suspect. 8.4 china's banking industry has developed the "marketing model" and the "marketing habit" has severely constrained the development of intermediary business. from foreign banks to expand business model point of view, primarily by the consumer to facilitate th**, fast, safe and customer service benefits, are a typical "product marketing." as for the domestic banking industry, the product quality and price are often relegated to a secondary position, "relationship marketing" has become the domestic banking industry to explore the middle of the main mode of business. at present, commercial banks remain the main customer base to large and medium-sized state-owned enterpr**es, state-owned enterpr**es and property rights fuzzy principal - agent problem makes enterpr**e managers pay more attention to the pursuit of personal interests, at th** time the relationship between banks and their customers has become a successful product whether or not the key. ⑦ main references: ① bank for international settlements: "international financial market development report", publ**hed in 1999 ② ho five-star: "financial innovation in development", southwest university of finance and economics press, 2000 ③ yang ming-sheng: "commercial bank's intermediary business products practical manual." beijing, china financial publ**hing house, 2002 ④ peter • rose book, liu garden translation: "commercial bank management", beijing, mechanical industry press, 2001 ⑤ after lam-chun: "commercial banks intermediate innovative business r**k prevention and control", containing "china's financial fortnightly" 2003 zhang guohai ⑥: "commercial bank's intermediary business development strategy in the international compar**on", in "financial research", 2003 ⑦姚德良: "i h**e been the middle of the commercial business development implied by the low level of research", in "finance and trade economy", 2004 20210311