谁介绍一下圣**王冠

不好意思，只找到了英文的介绍，很详细的。the crown of saint stephenthe holy crown of hungary, also known as the crown of saint stephen, ** the only crown known today with "holy" attribute.the hungarian coronation insignia cons**ts of the holy crown, the sceptre, the orb, and the mantle. since the twelfth century kings h**e been crowned with the still extant crown. the orb has the coat-of-arms of the hungarian king károly róbert of anjou (1310-1342); the other insignia can be linked to saint stephen.the crown was bound to the lands of the crown of saint stephen, (sometimes the sacra corona meant the land, the carpathian basin, but it also meant the coronation body, too). (see more: doctrine of the holy crown) no king of hungary was regarded as h**ing been truly legitimate without being crowned with it. in the h**tory of hungary, more than fifty kings were crowned with it (the two kings who were not so crowned were sig**mund johann ii and joseph ii).it was first called the holy crown in 1256. during the 14th century royal power came to be represented not simply by a crown, but by just one specific object: the holy crown. th** also meant that the kingdom of hungary was a special state: they were not looking for a crown to inaugurate a king, but rather, they were looking for a king for the crown; th** ** unique in europe.in 1401 the inscription on the state seal read: "the seal of the holy crown of hungary".facts about the crownthe crown’s shape ** elliptic (the width ** 203,9 mm, the length ** 215,9 mm) and ** larger than a (healthy) human’s head. the weight of the crown ** 2056 g. the gold-silver alloys used are different in case of the upper and the lower parts of the crown. latin letters can be found on the pictures of the upper part and greek letters can be found on the pictures of the lower part of the crown. the lower part of the crown ** asymmetric (the shape against the pattern).[1] a reliable cons**tent measurement system can be found which ** true for almost the all parts of the crown.[2] the place of the origin ** unknown. the time of the origin ** unknown. why "holy"?according to the popular tradition, st stephen i, held up the crown during the coronation (in the year 1000) to offer it to the "nagyboldogasszony" (the virgin mary) to seal a divine contract between her and the divine crown. after th**, the "nagyboldogasszony" was depicted not only as patrona (patron saint) for the kingdom of hungary but also as regina (i.e. "queen"). th** contract was supposed to empower the crown with divine force to help the future kings of hungary, and helped to re**rce the political system based on the doctrine of the holy crown.if th** crown had been received from the pope it would h**e a double significance. on the one hand it meant that the hungarian king was spiritually a direct descendant of the pope, and not, therefore, a vassal of the holy roman emperor. so it symbolized, within bounds, the sovereignty of the kingdom. on the other hand, it was an emblem of secular rule given by the pope to the king so that he might support the aspirations of the roman catholic church in the country.but according to the results of thorough scientific researches, accepted also by the hungarian catholic church, th** crown was created during the reign of bla iii (1172-1196) - with the possible use of golden elements coming from an earlier piece of jewellery, sent from the vatican to the coronation of st stephen i.origin of the crownholy crownaccording to the most accepted theory, which ** represented in the publications of the hungarian academy of sciences and also of the hungarian catholic ep**copal conference[3], the holy crown of hungary cons**ts of two main parts: the corona graeca and the corona latina. it was created during the reign of béla iii under byzantine influence. (the hungarian king béla iii was brought up in the byzantine court and was for a period the official heir of the throne there.)the crowning of stephen i, the first king of hungary, who was later canonized saint stephen, marks the beginning of hungarian statehood. the date ** variously given as chr**tmas 1000 or 1 january 1001.one version of the origin of the crown ** written by b**hop hartvik (between 1095-1116), whereas the "pope" has sent king stephen i. "h** blessings and a crown". the bas** for th** belief ** a biography by b**hop hartvik written around 1100-1110 at the request of king könyves kálmán. according to "hartvik’s legend", st stephen sent archb**hop astrik of esztergom to rome to ask for/require (both are possible from original latin script) a crown from the "pope", but it does not tell the name of the pope. no matter how much astrik was hurrying, the pol**h king, mieszko i's envoy was quicker, and the crown was prepared for the pol**h king. the pope has seen a dream during the night, seeing the angel of lord telling him there will be another envoy from another nation, asking for a crown for their own king. the angel told the pope: "there will be another envoy from an unknown folk, who will ask/requ**ite a crown, too, please give the crown to them, as they deserve it". the next day astrik approached the pope so he g**e the crown to him. "hartvik’s legend" appeared in the liturgical books and breviaries in hungary around 1200, recalling the then-ex**ting pope, pope sylvester ii. consequently the story of how the crown had been sent by pope sylvester ii spread throughout the chr**tian world, so in 1613, crown guard péter révai states that the entire crown was given to st stephen by pope sylvester ii. however, th** legend can be considered biased, as mieszko i was not living at the same time as neither st. stephen i nor pope sylvester ii. also, in the "greater legend" of st stephen, written around the time he was canon**ed (1083), we learn only that "in the fifth year after the death of h** father (...) they brought a papal letter of blessings (...) and the lord’s f**oured one, stephen, was chosen to be king, and was anointed with oil and fortunately crowned with the diadem of royal honour". th** legend clearly lacks the **rmation that the crown was from rome. moreover, there are no documents found in vatican city on the granting of the crown, even though the vatican has a clear interest in handing over the crown from rome, as it ** representing subservience over kingdom of hungary.there ** another version on the origin of holy crown, which ** a popular fallacy: thietmar von merseburg (died in 1018) reports that otto iii of the holy roman empire has consented to the coronation of st. stephen, and the pope ** sending h** blessings; so many h**torians argued he has also sent a crown, however, does not report on any crown, so it cannot follow any fact.beside the two main theories – donation by the pope and creation in the time of béla iii – there ex**t a number of different theories of the more romantic kind, putting the origin of the crown into the far past and into asia.the question to what extent the upper part of the holy crown indeed belonged to the crown of king stephen i remained open until 1978, when the coronation insignia was returned to hungary and a thorough examination could be carried out.the differing styles and techniques used in making the enamel pictures and the fact that the inscriptions on the diadem are in greek and on the bands in latin suggest that the two parts were probably made in two different periods. however, we h**e to note that there are no v**ual**ation of any kind found where the crown ** separated: the holy crown ** always shown as one.type of the crownthere are three types of crowns:domestic crown, which has no restrictions of usage, the governing crown, which should be worn on pre-determined occasions, and imparting crown (which ** the holy crown of hungary). th** crown should be worn only on the occasion of a coronation, and for the rest of the time two crown guards (koronaőr) were guarding it. apart from th**, there are only two other people who can touch it, the nádor**pán (the highest secular title), who puts it onto a pillow during coronation, and the archb**hop (the highest ecclesiastical title), who places it on the head of the king.structure of the crown and its iconsthe holy crown was made of gold and decorated with nine** enamel pictures as well as semi-precious stones, genuine pearls, and almandine. it has three parts: the lower diadem (corona greca), the upper intersecting bands (corona latina), and the cross on the top, which ** today crooked.there are four pendants (pendilium) hanging from chains on each side of the diadem and one in the back.franc** joseph i crowned with the holy crown as hungarian king[edit] corona græcathe corona graeca ("greek crown") ** 5.2 cm wide with a diameter of 20.5 cm.the two aquamarine stones with cut surfaces on the back of the diadem were added as replacements by king mátyás ii (1608-1619). the enamel picture on the front depicts chr**t pantokrator. on the rim to the right and left of jesus are pictures of the archangels michael and gabriel, followed by half-length images of the saints george and demetrius, and cosmas and damian.in the arched frame on the back of the diadem emperor michael dukas vii (1071-1078) ** depicted. below it to the left ** the half-length picture of "kon. porphyrogennetos", th** probably being either emperor michael’s brother and co-emperor konstantios doukas or of h** son and heir constantine doukas, both h**ing been born in the purple. to the right there ** a picture of the hungarian king géza i (1074-1077), with the greek inscription: "γεωβιτzαc ∏ι∑τοc κρα∧ηc τουρκιαc" (geōvitzas p**tós králēs tourkías, to be read probably as "géza i, faithful kralj of the land of the turks"). the contemporary byzantine name for the hungarians was "turks". as was customary in the hierarchy of the byzantine state, clear differentiation ** made between style of the emperors and that of the hungarian king by using a hellenized form of the common south sl**ic word for "king" (kralj) for géza. the saints and the greek rulers h**e halos while géza does not. the inscriptions of the emperors’ names are in red, while the hungarian king’s ** in dark blue or black.the enamel plaques on the circular band, the panel depicting chr**t pantokrator, and the picture of emperor michael were all affixed to the crown using different techniques. the picture of the emperor could not be attached to the rim in the same way as the pantokrator picture on the front. the frame was folded upwards and the picture of the emperor was nailed to the edge. we can thus conclude that the picture of michael vii was not originally designed for th** crown, but was probably used first somewhere else.the corona græca with its pointed and arched plaques ** identical to the form of the crowns of the byzantine empresses – in other words it was a woman’s crown. it was given by emperor michael dukas vii to king géza’s wife, who was of the greek synadenos family, around 1075. the gift was not a new crown, but rather an old crown designed for a woman that had to be selected from the emperor’s treasury and remodelled. the enamel pictures that become outdated were removed, since either represented earlier h**torical figures or were not appropriate for the hungarian queen according to court protocol. it was in th** form that the crown was sent to hungary.corona latinathe corona latina ("latin crown") ** not an independent object, as it has no function alone. it was designed to be attached to the top rim of the corona græca and provide a cupola-shaped top. it was made of four 5.2-cm-wide gold sheets welded to the edge of a square central panel (7.2*7.2 cm).the inscription on the pictures of the saints and the style of their lettering suggest the date when they were made. amidst the antique-style capital letter, the t in thomas and the second u in paulus are formed in the style character**tic of the latin letters used on byzantine coins, a practice abandoned in the middle of the eleventh century. they may h**e decorated a reliquary box or a portable altar given to **tván i by the pope. it ** also possible, although cannot be verified, that **tván i received a crown as a gift from one of the popes, reciprocating h** – h**torically documented - gifts. the picture of the apostles, however, based on their style, cannot be dated to around 1000.the intersecting bands are edged with beaded gold wire that closes off the lower end of the bands and fin**hes off the system of decoration. there are twelve pearls on the central panel and a total of seventy-two altogether on the corona latina, symbol**ing the number of chr**t’s d**ciples,. (acts 10.1).the central panel ** decorated with a square clo**onné enamel picture depicting chr**t pantokrator. each band has two (altogether eight) pictures of standing apostles identical to the first eight l**ted in acts 1.13.crossthe cross ** attached to the crown in a rough manner, breaking through the image of chr**t on the top. th** addition might h**e taken place during the xvi century. the cross was knocked crooked in the 17th century when the crown was damaged, possibly by the top of the iron chest housing the insignia being hastily closed without the crown h**ing been placed in it properly. the cross has since been left in th** slanted position, and ** always depicted as such.the crown as a wholethe form of the holy crown ** identical to that of the kamelaukion-type crowns with closed tops introduced in the byzantine empire. the use of many pictures ** also typical of byzantine crowns. when the intersecting bands were added to the corona graeca during the rule of béla iii, who had been brought up ** constantinople, the bands were decorated just as the corona graeca was, perhaps with the intention of imitating the byzantine crowns.links to the first hungarian king, st **tvánbeside the using of the intersecting bands of the corona latina, which probably came from the treasury of st. **tván, at the time of the creation of the crown there ex**ted further expectation that the coronation insignia would eventually include additional gold works that could be linked to the first, beatified hungarian king, **tván.the inscription embroidered onto the coronation mantle indicates with all certainty that **tván i and queen gizella had it made in 1031.the coronation sceptre with the orb at the end can also be dated to the time of st **tván. on the seals of henry ii, holy roman emperor, and rudolph iii of burgundy, the rulers are holding identically shaped sceptres. such short-staffed sceptres ending in orbs were not in use as insignia earlier or later.legal personality concept of the crownthe crown's raw gold and jewelry value was assessed at a mere 20,000 gold forints in the early 19th century, but its art**tic value and spiritual value as seen by believers are immense. charles robert (charles i of hungary) had to be crowned three times because it was not until he was crowned with the holy crown, in 1310, that the coronation was seen as legally binding. another, more recent, example of the powers of the crown ** the fact that inter-war hungary – after the last hab**urg king of hungary, charles iv, tried and failed to retain the throne in 1921 – remained a kingdom without a king until 1946.in such times the fictional character known as virgin mary would be considered a formal monarch of hungary, but th** venue was not pursued due to regent horthy's protestant faith. instead the f**ored idea was szent korona állameszmény, which assigned legal personhood to the holy crown and declared that all state powers of the monarch or the ** stem solely from the sacred powers of the headgear.[citation needed] a monarch or a regent was formally seen as a mere arm for the crown. the concept was used to push hungary toward a right**t regime intent on re-securing the lands of saint stephen, a course which ultimately tied the country to hitler's third reich and ended in severe world war ii destruction.the present day use of the holy crown in hungarian state heraldry and official **s ** still controversial with nei**ouring countries who continue to suspect that it represents magyar intentions to reclaim the lost territories of the former kingdom of hungary. people of hungary generally respect the crown as a symbolic reminder of the nation's successful survival through a millennium of turbulent central european h**tory, but are deeply divided over the conservative political movements' efforts to claim specific powers for the crown.the regalia in modern timesthe coat of arms of hungary with the holy crown on topthe holy crown has had a lively h**tory, h**ing been stolen, hidden, lost, recovered and taken abroad many times. during the árpád dynasty (1000 - 1301), the coronation insignia were kept in the coronation city of székesfehérvár. later the crown was housed in one of three locations: v**egrád (in pest county); pozsony (present-day brat**l**a); or buda. lajos kossuth took the crown and the coronation jewels with him after the collapse of the hungarian revolution of 1848, and buried them in a wooden box in a willow forest, near orsova in transylvania: they were subsequently dug up and returned to the royal castle in buda in 1853.at the end of the second world war the crown jewels were captured in mattsee, austria on 4 may 1945 by the u.s. 86th infantry div**ion.[4] they were transported to western europe and eventually given to the american army for safekeeping from the soviet union. for much of the cold war it was held at the united states bullion depository (fort knox, kentucky) alongside the bulk of america's gold reserves and other priceless h**torical items. after **ing extensive h**torical research to verify the crown as genuine, it was returned to the people of hungary by order of u.s. president jimmy carter on 6 january 1978. most current academic knowledge about hungarian royal garments originates from th** modern research.after the fall of commun**m, the crown was incorporated into the national coat of arms in 1990, the national assembly choosing the pre-war coat of arms in preference to the crown-less kossuth arms of 1849.in a unique case in europe, almost the entire medieval ensemble of coronation insignia survived. on january 1, 2000, the holy crown of hungary was moved to the hungarian parliament building from the hungarian national museum. the sceptre, orb and the coronation sword were also moved to the parliament. 20210311