200分跪求一篇有关于"个人投资理财"的英文文献

personal financeit ** important to plan the finance for any regular expenditure suchas the basic needs of any person like food, clothes, accommodation,bills etc.to be able to for fill all your personal needs you must h**e some kindof personal income, which will cover these expenses.the sources of personal income might be:salary or wages===============a regular earned income from employment, for these earnings theemployee and the employer both h**e to pay a deduction to the** such as income tax and n.i. contribution.overtimean extra earned income for the additional hours of workcomm**sions-----------an employee can get a percentage of the selling price of product fromh**/her employer.bonus-----bonus ** an earning for good performance at work place.interest--------interest using your money to create more money, expressed as a rateper period of time, usually one year, in which case it ** called anannual rate of interest.winnings--------you may win money from playing the lottery or gambling on sportevents.gifts-----money received from a friend or relative on a special occasion such a**irthday.sale of personal items----------------------earned income from selling personal itemsgross and net pay-----------------gross pay ** the total amount of money earned by an employee beforeany deduction ** made.net pay ** the amount of money an employee receives after deductionh**e been made for income tax, national insurance and any voluntarycontribution such as pension contribution.regular and irregular earned income-----------------------------------regular earned incometh** ** the income earned by a person on a regularly bas** e.g.salaryinterest on s**ingsirregular earned incomeirregular earned income ** the money what you receive occasionally,these can be payments that the employee may be entitled to but whichare not received on a regular bas** such as comm**sion, bonus andovertime.other examples of irregular income can be:sale of personal items at car boot salegiftsadditional weekend or holiday workexpendituresome expenses are arguably more important than other - opinions differbut the general consensus ** that you must pay:rent - th** varies according to type of accommodation, location andduration of lease.food - th** depends on your appetite and your style of living.fuel - i.e. electricity, gas and watertelephone - th** ** definitely controllable but can run away with themoney, particularly mobiles.social**ing - going out, buying tickets for special events or cinema.laundry - can sometimes be quite costly especially if you are keen onsport.other expenses - these are inevitably and unique to you e.g. smoking,clothes, car expenses, cd's/ dvd's, sports etc.difference between everyday expenditure and contingencies---------------------------------------------------------everyday regular expenditure includes payments for accommodation; forexample rent or mortgage. also payments for tr**el such as bus andtrain fairs, and petrol expenses for car.contingencies are unexpected spending and would need sufficients**ings to ensure that the result would not be a large debt. anexample of a contingency ** if your car broke down you would need topay for the repairs. if there ** no s**ings for contingencies thenthere might not be sufficient money **ailable to meet regularexpenditure.monitoring financial transactionthe monitoring of financial transaction ** important, as it ** the wayto record, monitor, analyse and optim**e the management of personalfinance. th** way ** also beneficial for individuals as they can takecontrol of their finances and th** **oids many unnecessary downfallsand losses.these are financial transaction documents that can help individuals tomonitor their financial situation.bank statementbank statement ** **sued to customers, showing them how much money **in their account and it giving l**ting details of credit/debit cardtransactions. these statements are only **ailable to customers whohold currant account, loan account or s**ing account.pas**ook**anks and building societies **sue pas**ook, which ** used forwithdrawals and deposit from a person s**ings account.chequescheques are an order in written to the bank to pay a named person or acompany a set amount of money.pay slipsthese are financial documents **sued by the employer. it gives detailsof gross pay deduction made to give net pay.billsthese are statements received from suppliers of water, electricity,gas, telephone, etc.reconciliationreconciliation means to balance your account monitoring your incomeand outgoings. th** ** also a way to update any outstanding directdebits. it ** check and control if the amount, which ** deducted thesame as the amount you h**e spent.another way to monitor your personal finance would be to create a cashflow forecast th** will monitor all your inflows and outflows.an example of a cash flow forecast **:incomeamountoutgoingsamountsalaryparental contribution1200100rentfoodenergy supply e.g. water, gas, electricityhouse expensescouncil taxs**ingsother expenses500200508020300100total1300total1250financial advicestill not sure about your financial situation, don't worry becausethere are handful places where you can get advice.most of the financial adv**ers are banks and bs like:barclays; halifax, lloyd t**, abbey, midland, h**c, nationwide etc.bank and building societythe majority of these organizations h**e their own financial products,so they may only offer limited adv**e on their own products and insome cases on a small range of products offered by one or morecompanies.independent financial adv**erthere are thousands of independent financial adv**ers across thecountry that offers you financial product **ailable in the market,because they are independent they can give you the best advice youneed.tied adv**orpeople who represent a single organization such as banks and buildingsocieties are called tied adv**ors.they are only able to offer advice on a limited selection of products,which are the banks and building societies. therefore, they cannotadvice you on whether these products are more suitable for you than**ailable elsewhere.**rmation from the media and websitesit's good for young adults to go and search on the internet forfinancial advice. the website what may help you sort out your personalfinance are: not only the internet but also many magazines and news**s like theeconom**t, financial times, telegraph, observer, the guardian etcgives financial advice.there are also some programs on tv and radio what can help some peoplecan get there financial advice from.fsafsa financial service authority ** there to protect consumer'sinterest. financial adv**ers must be reg**tered and authorized by fsabefore they start wo**ng.s**ing and investmentwhy s**e?we live in an uncertain world where jobs are easy to lose, incomesfragile and where relying on the state for anything more than a basicfinancial safety net looks foolhardy. also the housing boom has meantthat it has become more difficult to buy a property without asubstantial deposit.so s**ing ** more important than some people realize.here are some tips for improving returns and/ or keeping down r**k.what's the difference between s**ing and investment?s**ing means putting some of your money away for emergencies or ashort-term goal. all banks h**e s**ings account plans where your moneywill earn fixed rate of interest and be safe.investment ** when money ** invested in shares that may show a betterreturn. where as with s**ing you know that you will earn at the end ofa period with investment ** th** uncertain. so there ** also apossibility that you may lose your money.many people never take the time to set financial goals for themselves.they are too busy just getting by from day to day. yet goal settingallows you to take control of your s**ings and work toward yourdreams. different goals may h**e different time frames. generally,these goals can be divided into three time frames.short-termmedium-termlong-termshort-termgenerally, short-term can be accompl**hed within three months. someexamples include:* building an emergency fund* buying a new cd/dvd player* s**ing for a short vacationmedium-term these may take from three months to a year to reach. forexample:* s**ing to buy a computer* buying a used car* starting a college fundlong-termthese may take more than a year. they could include:* s**ing £15,000 or more for a home down payment* starting a business* creating a retirement s**ings funds**ing and investment optionsone thing britons are not short of in the world of s**ing ** choices;there are more than thousands of s**ing products on offer fromhundreds of financial companies. here are the main categories and someidea of woo they might me suitable for.bank accounts: some bank accounts - particularly those operated overthe internet - will pay interest rates as high as many s**ingsaccounts. you could find it convenient to use the account yourpay-cheque goes into, and which you use for spending, for s**ing aswell. but equally it could be confusing and you could lose sight ofyour s**ing goals.s**ings accounts: again, many of the best-paying accounts will beoperated over the internet. nowadays 30-day or other notice accountsoften pay little or no more than instant access deals. fixed-rateaccounts and bonds will generally pay more than ordinary variable rates**ings accounts but they will require you to tie up your money foranything up to five years.many s**ings accounts h**e introductory bonuses. s**ers attracted bythese initially high rates need to keep an eye on the rate once thebonus goes.unit trusts: these are all types of investment fund, where your money** pooled with that of other s**ers and invested by a professionalfund manager. generally these funds invest in the stock market. withmore than 1,000 to choose between from dozens of investment companies,it ** possible to find funds investing in the most exotic stockmarkets and the most complex financial instruments.national s**ings & investments: national s**ings & investments alsohas a range of accounts and bonds, which are particularly useful forhigher rate taxpayers.shares: shares are small takes in a company. when you buy shares youbecome joint-owner of the company along with other shareholders. if acompany ** doing well the value of the shares might go up but if thecompany ** not doing well the value of the shares might go down, whatmeans that the value if your investment might go down.reasons for borrowingwe almost all need some kind of consumer credit from time to time. thereasons fro th** can be:* to make a purchase for example to buy a computer or a car* to mortgage a house* to start up a business· borrowing money to invest in other companiespersonal loans can be either secured or unsecured. a secured loan **linked to a major asset, usually the borrower's home. they are cheaperthan unsecured loans but if you m**s any payments you r**k loosingyour home. secured loan ** commonly used when borrowing larger sums ofmoney over a long period of time.the other type of personal loan ** an unsecured loan. unsecured loansare usually **ailable for smaller amounts (£500 - £15,000). theseloans are more expensive because they are r**kier for the lender asthey can't repossess your house to recover the loan if anything goeswrong.authorized loan th** ** when you notify or apply to the bank to run upan overdraftunauthorized loan th** ** when you do not notify the bank to run up anoverdraft.overdraftan overdraft ** money borrowed from bank or building society over ashort period of time. it ** when u agrees with your bank or bs toallow you to spend more money than what you h**e in your account. it** a handy method of short-term borrowing but the biggest d**advantage** that a high interest rate has been charged.credit cardscredit cards are a very popular form of credit and often very cheap ifit ** used w**ely. however they aren't really suitable as a form oflending because if you fail to clear debts it could le**e you withhigh interest repayments. if you struggle with your money managementor won't be able to clear your card each month then credit cards willprobably be very costly.store cardssome retail stores **sue their own cards. these cards can only be usedwithin the group's stores. they usually don't h**e fees nut theinterest rates are generally higher then normal purpose credit cards.hire purchaseit ** a system of buying things on credit whereby the seller of thegoods ** regarded as the dealer, the purchaser ** regarded as thehirer and the finance company ** the owner. the ownership of the good**ought on hire purchase does not pass to the hirer at the time of hirepurchase agreement or upon delivery of the goods. the ownerships ofthe goods remains in the owner till the hirer has fully paid the priceagreed upon in the hire purchase agreement. 20210311