倍数增加 (一) a ** n times as great(long,much,„)as b.) a ** n times greater (longer, more,„)than b.(②) a ** n times the size (length, amount,„)of b.(③) 以上三句都应译为;a的大小(长度,数量,„„)是b的n倍[或a比b大(长,多,„„)n-1倍]. e.g. th** book ** three times as long as (three times longer than/three times the length of) that one. 这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 注:当相比的对象b很明显时,than(as,of)b常被省去。 (二)increase to n times(④ increase n times/n-fold(⑤) increase by n times(⑥) increase by a factor of n(⑦) 以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 e.g. the production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。 e.g. the output of chemical fertilizer has been ra**ed five times as against l986.化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 e.g. that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 e.g. the drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 注:在这类句型中increase常被ra**e,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 (三)there ** a n-fold increase/growth„(⑧)应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: e.g. a record high increase in value of four times was reported. 据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 (四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) e.g. the efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 (五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: a ** as much (large,long,„)again as b.(= a ** twice as much (large,long,„)as b.(⑩) 应译为:a比b多(大,长,„„)1倍。 a ** half as much (large, 1ong,„)again as b. (= a ** one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,„)as b.)(11) 应译为:a比b多(大,长„„)一半(即a是b的一倍半)。 倍数减少 (一)a ** n times as small (light,slow,„)as b.(12) a ** n times smaller (lighter, slower,„) than b.(13) 以上两句均应译为:a的大小(重量,速度,„„)是b的1/n[或a比b小(轻,慢,„„)(n-1)/n]。 e.g. the hydrogen ** ** near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen **. 氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 e.g. th** sort of membrane ** twice thinner than ordinary **. 这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 注:当相比的对象b很明显时,than/as b常被省去。 (二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) decrease by n times(15) decrease by a factor of n(16) 以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 e.g. switching time of the new-type trans**tor ** shortened 3 times. 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 e.g. when the voltage ** stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current ** stepped down by ten times. 电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 e.g. the equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 (三)there ** a n-fold decrease/reduction„ 应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) 这个句型还有其它一些形式, e.g. a rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到1/7。 e.g. the principal advantage of the products ** a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、的③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 20210311
much 是不定代词 作前置的宾语 of what companies, households and **s owe是介词短语作定语 修饰much 其中 what从句 是宾语从句作介词of的宾语, they是主语 owe是谓语 to banks and other financial firms是状语, which extend loans and also buy securities是...