高二上unit8 dr abc翻译

unit 7 a chr**tmas carol 整体感知单元要 word study 1. bacteria 2. powder 3. standard 4. conscience 5. nephew 6. frost 7. handwriting 8. overcoat 9. wage 10. anyway 11. god 12. admit 13. fool**h 14. clap 15. partner 16. abundant 17. warmth 18. taxpayer 19. personally 20. occupy 21. constant 22. welfare 23. clerk 24. composer 25. novel**t 26. firm 27. shadow 28. ambition 29. noble 30. gain 31. bond 32. indeed 33. goose 34. self**h 35. b**hop 36. choir 1. 细菌 2. 粉末 3. 标准 4. 良心 5. 侄子， 6. 霜 7. 笔迹 8. 外套 9. 工 10. 无论如 11. 上帝 12. 承认 13. 愚蠢的 14. 拍手 15. 伙伴，搭档 16. 丰富的 17. 温暖 18. 纳税人 19. 就自己而言，亲自 20. 使忙碌，占有 21. 经常的 22. 福利 23. 职员 24. 创作者 25. 小说家 26. 公司 27. 影子 28. 雄心 29. 高贵的 30. 获利 31. 契约 32. 的确 33.. 鹅 34. 自私的 35. 主教 36. 合唱队 useful expressions 1. care for 2. le**e alone 3. in want of 4. close up 5. pick **’s pocket 6. h**e eyes for 7. make money 8. do ** good 9. take **’s/sth’s place 1. 喜爱，照顾 2. 不管，随……去 2. 需要 4. 关闭，使靠近 5. 扒窃 6. 喜欢 7. 挣钱 8. 对某人有好处 9. 代替某人/某物 sentence patterns & communicative engl**h 表示祝愿： god s**e you! god bless it! merry chr**tmas! a merry chr**tmas! long life to him! grammar 状语(adverbial) 1. 状语可以由副词、介词短语、不定式或不定式短语、分词或分词短语、形容词、词组、复合结构及从句来表示，间或可以用名词作状语。 he got up early to catch the early train. the boy lay on the ground, with h** eyes staring at the ceiling. 2. 分词或分词短语作状语时，要考虑分词或分词短语与其逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的逻辑关系。主动的用现在分词，被动的用过去分词。 scolded by h** father, the boy was very sad. walking through the woods, the two men came across a big bear. 3. 状语从句根据其作用分为时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、地点状语从句和比较状语从句。 he didn’t attend the meeting, because he was ill. you must do everything the way i do. topic & writing 掌握谈论有关社会责任感的话题的方法。背景知识 charles dickens charles dickens (1812—1870) was one of the greatest engl**h writers in the 19th century. he was the greatest representative of engl**h critical real**m. he was born in a poor family and when he was a child, h** father was put into pr**on for debts. in order to make a living, he had to work in an underground cellar at a blacking factory in the east end of london when he was only 12. he had to work hard and long hours there and th** was the most unhappy time of all h** life. later he had a chance to study at school, but h** m**erable life at the factory left an everlasting, painful brand on the boy’s mind. at the age of 15, he became a lawyer’s clerk. after work, he learned shorthand and v**ited the brit**h museum library, filling up the gaps in h** education by reading. then he became a parliamentary reporter for news**s. in 1834 he was taken on the staff of a news** and went all over the country getting news, writing stories, meeting people and learning about life in general. he wrote a lot of novels in h** life, many of which are word-famous. the most famous ones are “the pickwick **s”, “oliver tw**t”, “d**id copperfield”, “bleak house”, “a tale of two cities”, “great expetations” and so on. “a chr**tmas carol” was written in 1843. 细说教材 warming up …the time in which he lived 他所生活的时代 [点拨] in which he lived是定语从句，修饰the time。这里是“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，关系代词which代指the time。 e.g. i will never forget the day on which i first met him. 我永远都不会忘记我4第一次见到他的那一天。 [点拨] time 名词，表示（与某情况、经历等有关的）时期。 e.g. university ** a good time for me. 我的大学时期十分愉快。 l**tening during our sleep we often h**e dreams. 我们睡觉时经常做梦。 [点拨] dream 用法小结： 1. 名词：梦，梦想 h**e a dream (of/about …) 做梦，梦（见…） realize one’s dream实现梦想 e.g. i h**e a recurrent dream that i’ve turned into an elephant. 我屡次梦见自己变成了大象。 my son’s dream ** to be an astronaut. 我儿子的理想是当宇航员。 3. 动词：做梦，梦想 过去式和过去分词是dreamed 或者dreamt. dream of/about sth/doing sth 梦见某事物。 e.g. i dreamt about flying last night. 我昨夜梦见我在飞翔。 was it real or did i dream it?是真的还是当时我在做梦？ he dreams of one day becoming a famous violin**t. 他梦想有朝一日成为著名的小提琴家。 what does scrooge h**e to do to **oid jacob’s fate? 斯克罗奇要怎样做才能避免雅各布的命运？ [点拨] **oid 动词 “stop (sth) happening, prevent” 防止发生（谋事），预防 **oid **’s fate 避免某人的厄运。 the reason why jacob marley appears in scrooge’s dream to warn him ** probably because…雅各布•玛利出现在斯克罗奇的梦里警告他的原因可能是…… [点拨] why jacob marley appears in scrooge’s dream to warn him是定语从句修饰先行词the reason。当定语从句的先行词是reason 时，定语从句可以用why, for which 或者that（关系副词） 引导。 speaking scrooge has no friends except h** partner, marley 除了他的合伙人玛利以外，斯克罗奇一个朋友也没有。 [点拨] except 介词，意思是“除了…以外”。except用法小结： 1. except +名词 e.g. the restaurant ** open everyday except monday. 这家商店除星期一外，每天都营业。 2. except +代词 e.g. everyone except me got an invitation. 除了我以外，所有人都收到了请柬。 3. except +介词短语 e.g. he looked everywhere for the book except in the bedroom. 除了卧室以外，为找那本书他到处都找遍了。 4. except +v-ing形式 he does everything except washing clothes. 他除了洗衣服外，什么活都赶。 5. except+动词不定式 he desired nothing except to go abroad for further study. 他只求出国深造，别无他求。 6. except + that从句 he has no special bad habit except that he smokes too much.. 他没有什么特别的坏习惯，就是烟吸得太多。 7. except + when/where/why等从句 it happens every day, except when it rains. 除非是下雨天，天天如此。 i understand everything except why she killed him. 我一切都明白，只是不理解她为什么把他杀死。 8. except for + 名词/代词 e.g. your composition ** very good except for a few spelling m**takes. 你的作文除有几个字拼错外，其余都很好。 neither scrooge nor marley care for other people. 斯克罗奇和玛利都不喜欢别人。 [点拨] care for ** 意思是“喜欢某人，照顾某人”。 e.g. i really care for the students in my class. 我确实喜欢我班里的学生。 the child ** well cared for. 这孩子被照顾得很好。 [点拨] care for sth 意思是“愿意或同意（做某事），希望或喜欢（做某事）”，用于否定句或疑问句，尤与would 连用。 e.g. would you care for some coffee? 来点咖啡好吗？ they do not care about their employees, their families or poor people in society. 他们不关心他们的雇员、家人和社会上的穷苦的人们。 [点拨] care about 意思是“感兴趣，关心”，多用于否定句和疑问句。 e.g. don’t you care about anybody? 你难道谁也不关心吗？ i don’t care about what happens to him. 我才不管他的事呢。 …some people forget that business ** not only about making money and profits. 一些人忘记了做生意不只是为了赚取金钱和利润。 [点拨] 此处，make 意为earn, gain, acquire 赚取（某事物）；获得；取得。 e.g. she makes $15 000 a year. 她一年挣15 000美圆。 he made a fortune on the stock market. 他在股票交易中发了财。 …to protect the people wo**ng for them. 保护为他们工作的人们。 [点拨] wo**ng for them “为他们工作”在这里是现在分词短语作定语，修饰the people。 e.g. the boy talking with mary ** my son. 正和玛丽谈话的那个男孩是我儿子。 there are also cases of food polluted with po**ons or bacteria. 也有一些食品受**或细菌污染的事例。 [点拨] case 此处意为“事例，事实，实例”。 e.g. could you give us a concrete case? 你能给我们举个具体事例吗？另外，case 还可意为“状况，情形；病例，患者；案件等”。 e.g. th** ** not the case in our country.在我国情况不是这样的。 he ** the first case of cancer the young doctor has treated. 他是这位年轻医生医治的第一位**患者。 the case ** in fovor of the defendant. 案情陈述有利于被告。 [点拨] case 短语总结 1. in case +从句 或者in case 作状语 意思是“because of the possibility of sth happening”“以防万一，万一”。 e.g. it may rain—take an umbrella with you in case (it does). 可能下雨---你最好带把伞，以防万一（下雨）。 2. in case of sth 意为“if sth happens” “假如，如果发生某事”。 e.g. in case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 遇火警时立即按警铃。 3. in any case意为“whatever happens or may h**e happened” “无论如何，总之”。 e.g. be sure to try your best in any case. 无论如何都要尽你最大的努力。 4. in that case意为“if that happens or has happened; if that ** the state of affairs” “既然那样；假如那样的话”。 e.g. you don’t like your job? in that case why don’t you le**e? 你不喜欢这份工作？那你怎么不辞掉呢？ 5. in no case意为“in no circumstances” “在任何情形下决不，无论如何都不”。 e.g. he would in no case give in.他决不会屈服的。 reading frost stands on the window. 窗户上结着霜冻。 [点拨] stand 此处意为“在某处，位于”。 e.g. a tall poplar tree once stood here. 这儿曾经有过一棵高大的白杨树。 if i hear another word from you, you will go where it ** really cold. 我要是再听你说一句，我就让你到真正冷的地方去 [点拨] 本句中where it ** really cold 是状语从句，表示地点。本句也可以这样表示：if i hear another word from you, you will go to the place where it ** really cold. e.g. bamboo grows best (in the place) where it ** warm and cold. 竹子在温暖潮湿的地方长的好。 put the raincoat (in the place) where you can easily find it. 把雨衣放在你容易找到的地方。 that’s a poor excuse for picking a man’s pocket every twenty-fifth of december! 每年的十二月二十五日掏人腰包，这个借口不充分。 [点拨] poor 此处意为“不好的，不充分的，不充足的”。 e.g. we had a poor crop of wheat th** year. 今年我们小麦歉收。 [点拨] pick **’s pocket ---steal money, etc from **’s pocket 扒窃 h**e one’s pocket picked 遭扒窃 e.g. he had h** pocket picked in the supermarket. 他在超市里遭扒窃了。 anyway i suppose i will h**e to let you h**e it. 不管怎么说，我想我会答应你的。 [点拨] anyway 副词，意思是“无论如何，即使如此(whatever the facts may be; in spite of th**)”。 e.g. whatever you say, i’m going anyway. 不论你说什么，无论如何我也要去。 let me le**e it alone, then. 我才不管它呢. [点拨] le**e **/sth alone/be ---not d**turb or interfere with **/sth 不打扰或不干预某人[某事物]。 e.g. i’ve told you to le**e my things alone. 我告诉过你不要动我的东西。 much good may it do you. 愿它能给你带来好处！ [点拨] do ** good = do good to ** ---benefit ** “有益于某人“。 e.g. eat more fruit; it will do you good. 多吃水果，对你有好处。 …women and men open their hearts freely and think of other people男人女人们自由地敞开心扉为别人考虑。 [点拨] open one’s heart “敞开心扉” open one’s heart to ** “同情；向……讲心里话”。 e.g. mr. smith opened h** heart to the poor little boy. 史密斯先生对那个可怜的小男孩充满了同情 mary felt much better after she opened her heart to her mother. 玛丽向母亲讲了心里话之后，感觉好多了。 …you will celebrate chr**tmas by losing your position. 你就会通过丢了你的工作来庆祝圣诞节了。 [点拨] by losing your position 是介词短语作状语，表示方式。 e.g. you switch the radio on by pressing th** button. 按这个按钮就能打开收音机。 by wo**ng hard he gained rapid promotion. 他工作努力因而晋级很快。 …many of us enjoy abundant comfort 我们很多人都非常舒适 [点拨] abundant¬---more than enough; plentiful 丰富的；充裕的。 e.g. we h**e abundant proof of h** guilt.我们有传充分的证据证明他有罪。 many thousands are in want of basic needs. 有几千人需要基本的必需品 [点拨] in want of sth---needing sth “需要某事物”。 e.g. the house ** in want of repair. 这所房子需要修了。 personally, i don’t care. 就我而言，我才不管呢。 [点拨] personally ---as far as i am concerned; for myself 意为“就我来说，就自己而言”，常用语一句话的开始，后有逗号。 e.g. personally, i don’t like him at all. 就我而言，我一点都不喜欢他。 my business occupies me constantly. 我自己的事整天都忙不了了。 [点拨] 此句中occupy 意为“使忙碌，使从事”。 e.g. he was occupied with /in writing a novel. 他忙于写小说。 [点拨] occupy 用法小结： 1. occupy意为 “take up or fill (time, space, **’s mind, etc)” “占据，充满（时间，空间，某人的头脑等）”。 e.g. the speech occupied three hours. 发言工占去了三个小时。 a bed occupied the corner of the room. 一张床占去了房间的一角。 2. occupy意为 “take possession of and establ**h troops in (a country, position, etc)” “（军事）占领（**、阵地等）”。 e.g. the army occupied the enemy’s capital. **占领了敌国首都。 3. occupy意为 “live in or h**e possession of (a house, land, etc)” “占用，占有（房屋、土地等）”。 e.g. the family h**e occupied the farm for many years. 这家人在农场已居住多年。 they occupy the house next door. 他们住在隔壁。 4. occupy oneself (in doing sth/with sth) “忙着（做某事）；忙（于某事）”。 e.g. how does he occupy himself now he ** retired? 他既已退休，都如何打发日子呢？ they are all gone.他们都走了。 [点拨] gone 此处是形容词，意为“离开，离去”，另外，gone 还有“过去”之意。 e.g. gone are the days when you could buy a three-course meal for under $1. 一顿饭吃三道菜不到一美圆，这日子一去不复返了。 and make it short, because it’s time to close up. 快点说，该关门了。 [点拨] close (sth) up “（尤指暂时）关闭（某事物）”。 e.g. sorry madam, we’re closing up for lunch. 很抱歉，小姐，我们现在要关门吃饭。 he closes the shop up at 5.30. 他在5点30分停止营业。 close up 还可以指伤口愈合。 e.g. the cut took a long time to close up. 伤口经过很长时间才愈合。 alone ** what you are, and what you h**e been. 你是孤单的，你一直都是孤单的。 [点拨] 此句是倒装。alone 是副词，在句中作表语，这里是表语前置；其的主语为what you are 和what you h**e been. integrating skills these are but shadows of the past. 这些只是过去的影子。 [点拨] but 此处是副词，意为“只，仅仅”。 e.g. he ** but a boy. 他不过是个孩子。 i don’t think we can succeed. still we can but try. 我想我们不会成功，但是，不妨试一试。 another idol has taken my place. 另一个偶像取代了我。 [点拨] take **’s/sth’s place`; take the place of **/sth 代替某人/某事物 e.g. she couldn’t attend the meeting so her ass**tant took her place. 她不能出席会议，所以由助手替她。 nothing could take the place of the family he had lost. 他失去了家庭，这一损失是无法弥补的。 that’s not what life ** about! 钱不是生活的全部！ [点拨] what life ** about 是从句作表语。 you only h**e eyes for money. 你就只爱钱。 [点拨] (only) h**e eyes for **/sth. ; h**e eyes (only) for **/sth---only be interested in or in love with (a specified person) （只）对……感兴趣；（只）爱恋/喜欢…… e.g. in amsterdam, i had eyes only for the rembrandts. 在阿姆斯特丹，我只想看伦勃朗的名画。 all the girls liked fred, but he had eyes only for helen. 姑娘们全都喜欢弗雷德，但是他却只对海伦感兴趣。 [点拨] h**e an eye/a good eye for… 意为“对……有眼光”。 e.g. he has an eye for the fair and the beautiful. 他有审美眼光。 you’ve got it all wrong. 你全弄错了。 [点拨] 此句中 all 副词，意为“completely 完全地”，修饰 wrong；wrong 是形容词，作it 的宾语补足语。 nobody knows it better than you do, poor fellow. 没有人比你更了解他了，可怜的人。 [点拨] know **/sth well 对……熟知，对……很了解；do 代指knows。 grammar 语法：状语（the adverbial）（一）状语可以由以下成分表示 1. 副词 e.g. he secretly decided to le**e the town. 他私下决定离开这座城市。 we’ll ra**e the money somehow. 我们将来以某种方式筹集这笔钱。 2. 介词短语 e.g. he tr**eled in the desert for six months. 他在沙漠里走了六个月。 we h**e friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。 3. 不定式（短语） e.g. i went there to see my grandmother. 我到那里去看我奶奶。 the suitcase ** too he**y to be carried by a child. 箱子太重小孩拿不动。 4. 分词（短语） e.g. being a poor teacher, he can’t afford to buy a car. 他是一位穷教师，买不起汽车。 compared to her affection, nothing else had any worth. 和她的感情相比，别的东西都没有什么价值。 5. 形容词 e.g. he said nothing but sat silent smoking. 他没说话，只静坐在那里抽烟。 fresh from the oven, rolls are delicious. 刚出炉的小面包很好吃。 6. 词组 e.g. i shall stay another five months. 我将再待五个月。 first thing in the morning we swept the courtyard for the landlord. 每天早上我们的第一件事就是给房东扫院子。 7. 复合结构 e.g. it being a holiday, the library **n’t open. 这天是假日，图书馆不开门。 they will send you the book for $2.50, postage included. 他们将把书寄给你，书价2.50美圆，邮资在内。 8. 从句 e.g. next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来时请关好门。 however often i try, i can’t find the answer. 不管尝试多少次，我都找不到答案。 9. 有时可以用名词作状语。 e.g. that night on the way home, i looked down and found the necklace was not there any more. 我们坐了好几个钟头等你。 she’s feeling miles better today. 她今天感到好多了。（二）关于分词作状语 1. 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。 2. 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系，用doing 表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作，用h**ing done 表示在谓语动词之前的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系，则用done 强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作，也可用h**ing been done。 e.g. he lay still, staring at the ceiling. 他静静地躺着，茫然地望着天花板。 h**ing been warned about the bandits, she left her valuables at home. 由于有人警告她有盗匪，她把贵重物品都留在家里。（三）状语从句的类型 1. 时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）时间状语从句主要由以下这些连词引导：when, while, as, before, after, until, till, since, whenever等；有时由一些起着连词作用的词或词组来引导：as soon as, no sooner…than, the last time, once, next time, the first time, the moment, immediately, now(that)等。 e.g.1. while the d**cussion was going on, george came in. 讨论正在进行时乔治进来了。 e.g.2. the moment he spoke i recognized h** voice. 他一说话我就听出了他的声音。 2. 条件状语从句 （adverbial clause of condition） 条件状语从句主要由下列连词引导：if, unless, supposing, suppose, provided 等；有时由一些起着连词作用的词组来引导：so long as, as long as, in case, on condition that, even if等。 e.g.1. suppose she finds out, what shall we do then? 假如她发现了，我们怎么办？ e.g.2. in case he arrives before i get back, please ask him to wait. 如果我还没回来他就到了，请让他稍等。 3. 目的状语从句 （adverbial clause of purpose）目的状语从句主要由以下这些连词引导：in order that, so that, so, that, lest等；有时由一些起着连词作用的词组引导：for fear (that), in case等。 e.g.1. ask her to hurry up with the letters so that i can sign them.让她快点把信打好，以便我能签字。 e.g.2. she didn’t dare to call me for fear they might hear us. 她不敢叫我，唯恐他们会听到。 4. 结果状语从句 （adverbial clause of result）结果状语从句主要由so…that, such…that引导, that有时可以省略，特别是在口语中。 e.g. they had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house. 他们的狗那样凶，谁也不敢走近他们家。 5. 原因状语从句 （（adverbial clause of reason）原因状语从句主要由以下这些连词引导：because, as, since。有时由seeing, considering, now that, given等引导。 e.g.1. because it was wet he took a taxi.由于下雨他叫了一辆出租车。 e.g.2. considering he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他刚刚开始，对此他算是知道得很多了。 6. 让步状语从句 （adverbial clause of concession）引导让步状语从句的连词主要有：although, though, even though, even if, while, whereas等。 e.g. she still loved him even though he had treated her so badly. 尽管他待她那样差，她还是爱他。 7.方式状语从句（adverbial clause of manner）引导方式状语从句的连词主要有：as, like, as if, as though, however等，the way 也常可引导方式状语从句。 e.g.1. she looked a bit queer, as if she knew something. 她显得有点怪，仿佛她知道什么情况似的。 e.g.2. he doesn’t speak the way i do. 他不象我这样说话。 8. 地点状语从句 （adverbial clause of place）引导地点状语从句的连词主要有：where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等，no matter where 也可以引导地点状语从句。 e.g.1. put in an article where (it ** necessary). 在必要的地方填入冠词。 20210311