谁知道美国文化和历史——用英语

中文：历美洲原住民在这块土地上居住了15,000余年。欧洲从15世纪末开始殖民美洲。1607年，第一个英格兰人殖民区成功地在维吉尼亚州建立。接下来二十年里，一些荷兰殖民区也陆续建立，包括位于新阿姆斯特丹（今纽约市）和新泽西州的殖民区。在17世纪和18世纪里，英国逐渐占领荷兰人和其他欧洲殖民者的地区，并在美国东岸广泛开垦殖民，建立更多的殖民地区。除今天的加拿大外，英国在北美洲共建立了13个殖民地。在1760年代和1770年代，13个美洲殖民地与英国之间的紧张关系最终引发了**战争，殖民地的代表们在1776年7月4日签下了《美国独立宣言》。在独立战争（1775年-1783年）中，乔治·华盛顿领导13个殖民地组成的**军团对抗英军。殖民地在76年的大会中创立了**军团，但未授权他们征收税赋和制定联邦法律。1777年，独立的殖民地正式采纳邦联条例，建立了一个联邦的****、以及行使管理权的**，并批准了美国宪法。经历艰苦的独立战争后，**军团终于击败英军，英国于1783年签下了巴黎条约，正式承认美国的独立。从1803年至1848年，新成立的美国的面积几乎扩大了三倍，殖民者们胸怀新的共和国“注定扩展至整个**”的理想，朝广阔无际的原野拓展，甚至在“路易西安纳购地”之前便已深入内陆。这种扩展在1812年战争时遭到了短暂的阻挠，但很快随著战争的胜利而继续进行。1848年美国赢得了美墨战争，更增强了殖民者们扩展国土的理想。随著**的不断扩展和发展，一个新的问题也逐渐浮现，北方掌控的**与南方的州**在蓄奴问题和州权上产生分歧：北方州反对奴隶制度的扩展；而南方州反对北方州干涉其生活方式，因为他们的棉花经济产业是全盘依赖于奴隶制度的。在亚伯拉罕·林肯于1860年当选**后，冲突彻底爆发，南卡罗来纳州成为第一个宣布脱离联邦的州，六个南部州也相继分离，于1861年成立**联盟国以对抗**。美国内战以联邦在1865年取得胜利告终，同时终结了奴隶制度、以及州是否有权脱离联邦的争议。这场内战成为美国历史的主要分水岭，**的权力从此大为增加。内战期间的科技发展，加上来自欧洲的大量**潮，为美国的新兴产业提供了大量的劳动力，以前无人开发的区域开创了许多社区和城市，加速了美国的工业发展以及迈向国际强权的进程。接著，美国在海外进行了许多**的冒险，包括在美西战争胜利后吞并了波多黎各和菲律宾，使美国成为世界主要的列强之一。第一次世界大战于1914年爆发，美国最初保持中立；由于德国发动的无限制潜艇战击沉在大西洋航行的美国船只，造成许多美国平民的无辜死伤，激怒了美国大众。在战争最后阶段美国加入协约国以对抗同盟国。由于历史原因，美国大众对于英国和法国较为同情，虽然有部分德裔和爱尔兰裔反对介入。为了保护美国投资者和**在欧洲的大量投资也是美国参战的主因之一。在美国于1917年参战后，战局随即扭转，使协约国在1918年获胜。战后，担心过度卷入欧洲事务，美国参议院并未批准协约国制裁同盟国的凡尔赛条约；相反，美国采取了孤立主义政策。战争使欧洲**元气大伤，却带给美国带来大量财富和声望。在几乎整个1920年代，农产品价格不断降低，工业利润大幅增长，美国经济发展得异常繁荣。这波经济成长还被信贷上升和股票市场的兴盛推波助澜，终于令股市在1929年大**，随之而来的是经济大恐慌。为了复苏经济，富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福**实行新政，大幅增加**对经济的干预。然而新政却没有完全生效，美国经济直到第二次世界大战后才彻底复苏。在日本偷袭珍珠港后，美国加入反**同盟以对抗轴心国。接下来的战争成为美国历史上代价最高昂的一场战争，然而前线和大后方创造的大量工作机会、以及军工产业带动的生产复苏，使美国经济完全走出了大恐慌的阴霾。美国妇女也因此大规模踏入工作职场在战争胜利后，美国和**的冲突逐渐浮现，美国代表的是资本主义和自由**制，而**则代表**主义和计划经济，**的崛起和意识形态的冲突造成了1940年代末期开始的冷战。两国在许多地区和**进行一连串代理人战争，包括了**战争、越南战争、几乎触发核大战的古巴**危机、以及阿富汗战争。由于警觉到与**的太空竞赛上的落后，美国**开始大力培养数学和科学的精英人才，在美国**航空航天局的努力下，于1969年第一次成功派人登上月球。在美国国内，城市化的发展逐渐完成，美国社会经历了一段时期的持续经济扩展。同时，美国社会的种族歧视现象逐渐受到重视，尤其是在南方。从1950年代开始，这些歧视受到马丁·路德·金等人领导的民权运动的挑战，最后终于废除了南方各州的种族隔离法律。经历1970年代石油危机引发的经济衰退后，美国经济于1980年代开始茁壮的复苏。**在1991年彻底垮台，使美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。美国依然继续派兵参与海外的战争，例如1991年的波斯湾战争。在1990年代，拜数字化**以及因特网制造的大量工作机会和技术变革之赐，美国经济展开了**的繁荣成长，新兴的硅谷成为世界资讯产业的龙头重镇。 两次世界大战，不仅重创了新兴大国德国和日本，同时也使传统大国英国和法国失去了对世界格局的支配权。当时的世界，除了美国和**，其他工业化**都风光不再。美国在战后的工业总产值占到了世界总量的一半以上，并且在全世界范围内建立了以美元为中心的国际金融体系，同时，它还向世界50个**和地区派驻了**。 第二次世界大战成为美国历史新的转折点。独一无二的综合实力，使美国摆脱了第一次世界大战后企图安排世界秩序却无果而终的尴尬，开始按照有利于自己的方式主导国际秩序，并最终在20世纪后期，成为一个超级大国。 在21世纪开端发生的九一一袭击事件，使美国的外交政策集中于对付**威胁。美国**开始了反恐战争和行动，在2001年10月**阿富汗**政权后，又在2003年发动了美伊战争，并**了**政权，但**临时**的后续发展及其战争合法性的争议至今仍无定论。文化美国文化根植于英属殖民地时期，但很快便随著当地的环境发展出独立而独特的文化，包括了西班牙-墨西哥的牛仔文化和后来的数波殖民潮的强烈影响—包括欧洲、非洲和亚洲。总体上说，美国文化最显著的影响来自北欧，特别是德意志、英格兰和爱尔兰，以及后来的意大利、希腊、和中欧犹太人的文化影响。原为奴隶的非裔美国人也保存了一些自西非带来的文化。美国的地理名称往往反映了英格兰、荷兰、法国、西班牙和美国原住民等等的综合历史成分。一个描述美国文化的模型是“大熔炉”：**带来自己的文化贡献，溶入美国文化之中，最终接受一个统一的美国文化。最近常用的模型是“色拉碗”：**带来的文化会保持一些自己独立的文化特征，而非完全融入原有的美国文化，他们所带来的文化也会成为美国文化的一部分。现代社会学家对美国文化的目标的认同趋向于多元文化论，而非熔炉，很大程度上放弃了熔炉观念。美国烹饪吸收了美国原住民的烹饪法和食材，例如火鸡、马铃薯、玉米、南瓜，都成了美国文化不可或缺的一部分。而苹果派、比萨饼、汉堡包原先都是来自或改良自欧洲，现在则是美国速食文化的象征。墨西哥卷（burritos）和炸玉米饼（tacos）则源自墨西哥。由非裔美国人在身为奴隶时从非洲引入的“心灵食物”（soul food）也成了大众的家常菜之一。目前许多在全球大受欢迎的食物要不是源于美国、便是由美国加以改良并推广的。20世纪之前的美国文化从学习模仿欧洲（尤其是英国）逐渐发展到拥有自己的特色，二战后随美国经济军事**实力的飞跃，它的文化对全世界、特别是西方世界产生了重大的影响。时至今日，美国流行音乐响彻全球，美国电影和电视则在全球播放。针对美国文化这种客观上“入侵”全球的现象，批评声不绝于耳。由于欧洲文化是其主要来源，很多欧洲人认为美国文化天真幼稚，以法国为首的**对美国文化的进入一直坚决**。而东亚、东南亚、南亚和中东地区的文化传统与美国又大不相同，深受其影响的有日本等国，另一方面**伯**则对其有很强的抵触情绪。同时很多加拿大人和澳大利亚人也对美国文化的同化影响十分担忧。美国文化的全球地位极大程度上促进了英语的传播，使其几乎成为实际上的“世界语”，法国等地则有意在自己能够影响到的范围内全力抗击英语文化的影响。英文：the americas original residents h**e lived for more than 15,,000 years on th** land. europe starts from 15 century's ends to colonize americas. in 1607, the first engl**h person colonized the area successfully in the virginia state establ**hment. receives in 20 years, some holland colonizes the area also one after another to establ**h, including ** located new amsterdam (now new york) to colonize the area with the new jersey state. in 17th century and 18th century, england gradually seizes the dutch and other european colonizing area, and widely opens up wasteland in the american east bank colonizes, establ**hes many colonizes the area. besides today canada, england has altogether establ**hed 13 colonies in north america. in 1760 ages and 1770 ages, between 13 americas colony and england's tension finally initiated the revolutionary war, the colony representatives has signed "the us declaration of independence" in july 4, 1776. at the war of independence (in 1775 -1783 year) center, the george washington leader 13 colonies compositions mainland regiment res**ted the engl**h armed force. the colony establ**hed the mainland regiment in 76 years congress, but has not been authorized them to levy the taxes and levies and the formulation federation law. in 1777, the independent colony official acceptance confederation rule, has founded a federation sovereign state, as well as exerc**es the authority federal state, and has authorized the american constitution. after experiences the difficult war of independence, the mainland regiment finally defeated the engl**h armed force, england signs the par** treaty in 1783, officially acknowledged american the independence. from 1803 to 1848, us's area which newly had been establ**hed nearly expands three times, the colonizing mind new republic "has been doomed expands to the entire mainland" the ideal, faces the broad 无际 wilderness development, even "buys in the lou** xi'an natrium" before then already thorough interior. th** kind of expansion when 1812 war has encountered the short obstruction, but very quickly continues along with the war victory to carry on. in 1848 us has won the beautiful ink war, strengthened colonizing to expand the national territory the ideal. along with the national unceasing expansion and the development, a new question also gradually reappears, north the palm controls the federal state in gathers in the sl**e question and the state power with the south state authority has the difference: north the state opposes the sl**e system the expansion; but south the state north opposed the state interferes its life style, because their cotton economical industry ** overall relies on the sl**e system. in abraham lincoln after 1860 president-elect, the conflict thorough eruption, the south carolina state became the first announcement to be separated from the federation the state, six south states also one after another separated, establ**hed the america association allied country in 1861 to res**t the federal state. the american civil war obtained by the federation in 1865 successfully comes to an end, simultaneously ended the sl**e system, as well as the state whether was authorized to ** separated from the federation the d**pute. th** civil war becomes the american h**tory the main watershed, federal state's authority henceforth greatly ** the increase. the civil war period technical development, comes in addition from europe's massive immigrations tide, has provided the massive labor forces for us's emerging industry, before nobody development region founded many communities and the city, has accelerated us's industrial development as well as steps to the international might advancement. in addition, us has carried on many imperial**ms r**k in the overseas, including the war victory has annexed puerto rico and the philippines after america, causes us to become one of world main big powers. the first world war erupted in 1914, us at first maintain neutrality; because germany starts the unlimited submarine war attacks and sinks the american ships which n**igates in atlantic, creates many american common people the innocent casualty, has enraged the american populace. joins the allies in war final stage us to res**t the ally. as a result of the h**torical reason, the american populace sympathize with regarding england and france, although has the part of german lineage and the ir**h lineage opposition involvement. in order to protect the american investors and the federal state in europe's massive investments also ** one of principal factors which us enters a war. entered a war in us after 1917, the war reversed immediately, causes the allies to win in 1918. postwar, worried excessively ** involved in the european business, the american senate authorizes the allies to pun**h the ally by no means the versailles treaty; on the contrary, us has adopted the **olated principle policy. the war causes the european country vitality big wound, actually takes to us to bring the massive wealths and the prestige. in the nearly entire 1920 ages, the farm price unceasingly reduced, the industrial profit large growth, the american economy developed exceptionally prospers. th** w**e economy grows also prosperously adds fuel to the flames by the credit r**e and the stock market, finally greatly ** collapsed the stock market in 1929 the plate, following ** the economy ** greatly panic. in order to recover the economy, franklin 德拉诺 the roosevelt ** implements the new deal, largely increases the ** to the economy the intervention. however the new deal actually does not h**e completely to become effective, the american economy only then thoroughly recovers after second world war. sneak attacks pearl harbor after japan, us joins the counter- fasc**t union to res**t the ax** powers. receives the war becomes in the american h**tory a price most soaring war rear area, however the front and was big the massive work opportunity which created, as well as the war industry industry impetus production recovers, causes the american economy completely to go out the greatly panic haze. the american women also therefore large-scale tread into the work duty field after the war victory, american and soviet union's conflict gradually reappears, the american representative ** the capital**m and the free democratic system, but soviet union represented the commun**m and the planned economy, soviet union's r**ing has created the cold war with the ideology conflict which 1940 ages last stages started. both countries carry on a succession of client war in many areas and the country, including the korean war, the vietnamese war, has nearly triggered the nuclear war the cuban m**sile cr****, as well as the afghan war. because the vigilance to with in soviet union's outer space competition backwardness, the american ** starts vigorously to ra**e mathematics and the science outstanding person talented person, in the american country aerospace bureau diligently under, the first success sent the person in 1969 to land on the moon. in the american home, the **ized development gradually completes, the american society experienced section of times to continue the economical expansion. at the same time, the american society's racial d**crimination phenomenon gradually receives takes, in particular in south. started from 1950 ages, these d**crimination received the civil rights movement challenge which martin person and so on luther gold led, finally finally abol**hed south various states racial segregation law. after experienced 1970 ages petroleum cr**** initiation the economic recession, the american economy started healthy recovering in 1980 ages. soviet union thoroughly collapsed in 1991, causes us to become in the world the only superpower. us still continues to d**patch troops to participate in the overseas the war, for example 1991 persian gulf war. in 1990 ages, did obe**ance bestowing of the massive work opportunity and the technical transformation which the digitized revolution as well as internet made, the american economy has launched the unprecedented prosperity growth, emerging silicon valley became the world **rmation of industry the main item strategic place. two world wars, not only has caused he**y losses to emerging great nation germany and japan, simultaneously also caused traditional great nation england and france has lost to the world pattern right to control. then world, except us and soviet union, other industrialized country all scenery no longer. us accounted for the world total quantity in the postwar gross value of industrial output one above the half, and has establ**hed in the world scope take us dollar as the central international finance system, simultaneously, it also has accredited the army to the world 50 countries and the area. second world war becomes the american h**tory new turning point. the unique comprehensive strength, after enable us to get rid of the first world war to attempt the awkwardness which the arrangement world order actually ended without any result, started according to be advantageous to own way leadership international order, and finally in 20th century later periods, became a superpower. reply:continuously ♂ to old - application evil spirit master two levels 4-21 15:53 the culture and h**tory of american pop culture. when you think of american culture, what first comes to your mind? mcdonald's? coca cola? levi's? d**neyland? michael jordan? julia roberts? many people imagine american culture ** a collection of popular symbols like these. actually, these symbols are only one small part of american culture- "pop culture." what ** pop culture? well, pop ** short for popular. the origins of pop culture can often be traced to popular movies, telev**ion shows, music stars and sports figures. pop culture ** also promoted by business and advert**ing. the most common examples of american pop culture appear among high school and college students. trends set by famous personalities quickly become part of young people's lifestyles. american pop culture has spread around the world. one major reason for its popularity ** that engl**h ** a universal language. engl**h ** the language of diplomacy, international business and transportation. since language and culture go together, learning engl**h means becoming aware of engl**h-speaking cultures. also, america ** a world leader in movies, music and magazines. the kind of american culture communicated in those media ** pop culture. finally, pop culture ** easy to package and to export. for that reason, it ** easy to "sell" to the world. many people assume that american pop culture ** what america ** all about. does pop culture reflect the true culture of america? yes and no. pop culture does represent a portion of american society-especially ** young people that are tuned in to the media. but american pop culture ** fadd**h and ever-changing. it ** an artificial and superficial picture of america. if you want to learn about real american culture, you'll h**e to go a little farther than mcdonald's 20210311