宾语通常是用名词、代词、动名词、名词性从句等词类或结构表示的.但是,形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式等词类或结构在一定的情况下也可充当介词宾语. a.不定式作介词宾语.可接不定式作宾语的介词有about,besides,but,except,s**e,instead of等.例如: as i was about to say,you interrupted me.我正要说的时候,你插嘴了. autumn harvest was about to start.快要秋收了. 介词but,except,besides,s**e后的不定式,何时要带to,何时不带to,主要从三个方面去辨别.(1)当这些介词前面的句中出现了用作谓语的实义动词do时,其后的不定式就不带to;(2)当这些介词前面的非谓语部分有不定式to do时,其后的不定式符号to可用可不用;(3)当这些介词前面(即谓语动词或非谓语动词部分)无动词do时,其后要接带to的动词不定式.请再比较以下几例: what could he do but take back what he had said?他除了收回他说的话外,还有别的什么办** “疑问词+不定式”构成的不定式短语,可用作任何介词的宾语.例如: everyone had h** own idea of how to do it.任何人对如何做这件事都有不同的看法. he g**e a lesson on how to improve soil.他讲了一堂如何改良土壤的课. b.形容词作介词宾语.可用形容词作宾语的介词有but,from,instead of,near等.例如: my work ** far from good (sat**factory/ complete.)我的工作离好(满意/完成)还差得很远. it ** anything but bad.这不是什么坏事. things went from bad to worse until dickens' father was impr**oned for debt.情况越来越坏,直到狄更斯的父亲因负债而被关进监牢. 形容词作介词宾语还见于一些固定的习语中,这类习语常见的有at large,for the better,in short,in vain,like mad,on high等.例如: we had to drive like mad to get there on time.我们只得尽快开车,以便能按时到达那里. the policemen know who the culprit **,but they h**e not located him.he ** still at large.**知道罪犯是谁,但还没有查到他在何处,他仍逍遥法外. c.副词作宾语.可用副词作宾语的介词有except,from,instead of,till等.例如: where are you from?你从何处来? he has been studying hard except recently.他一直学习很刻苦,只是最近才不这样. 在from now (then),till now (then),for long,by far等习语中,都是副词做介词宾语.例如: he will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久. that will do for now.we will h**e a rest,and fin**h the job later.暂时干这些就够了.我们休息一下,等会儿再完成这项工作. all property formerly belonging to the reactionaries ** from now on the property of the people.以前属于**派的一切财产,从今以后都是人民的了. d.介词短语作介词宾语.可用介词短语作宾语的介词有across,except,from,instead of,since,to,till等.例如: he usually goes to school on h** bike except on rainy days.除了雨天,他通常都是骑自行车上学. the cat appeared from under the table.猫从桌子下面出来了. 关于介词短语作宾语的用法,可参见6.1 b. e.whether,that从句作宾语.由连接代词(如what,which,who等)或连接副词(如how,where,why等)引导的名词性从句作介词宾语是一种比较普遍的现象.在实际应用中,由纯连词whether或that引导的从句也可用作介词宾语,其中that引导的从句只能用在except,but,in,s**e等少数几个介词之后.例如: he hesitated (as to) whether he would go to see her.他拿不定主意是否要去见她. the molecules of ice and vapour are exactly the same,except that they move at different speeds.冰与水蒸汽的分子完全一样,只是它们运动的速度不同. 关于“介词+that从句”结构,有的语法家将其视为介词短语,其中的that从句用作介词的宾语;有的语法家则认为“介词+that”应看作复合从属连词.我们认为,这两种理解都有一定的道理,只不过前者主要是从语法形式上来看,而后者则是从语法意义上来看的.请分别从形式和意义上去理解以下几句: although the dividends are the same,th** ** the better investment in that it ** a safe stock.虽然红利相同,但是这笔投资要好些,因为它的股票更为保险. 20210311