【【【埃及的历史、地理】】】
埃及的历史悠久,是世界四大文明古国之一。前3100年出现统一的奴隶制**。前11-前7世纪先后被亚述、波斯、马其顿和罗马帝国征服。公元4—7世纪并入东罗马帝国。公元7世纪中期,**伯人入侵,建立**伯帝国。1249年开始由马木鲁克军团指挥官统治。1517年被土耳其人征服。成为奥斯曼帝国的行省。1798年-1801年一度被拿破仑占领。1882年,被英**队占领。1914年英国成为埃及的保护国。1922年2月28日,英国被逼承认埃及独立,但仍保留对埃国防、外交、少数民族等问题的处置权。1952年以纳赛尔为首的「自由军官组织」**,**法鲁克王朝,成立「**指导委员会」,掌握**政权。1953年6月18日废除帝制,成立「埃及共和国」。1956年将苏伊士运河收为国有。1958年2月,埃及与叙利亚合并,成立联合**伯共和国。1961年9月,叙利亚脱离**伯联合共和国。1971年9月改国名为「埃及**伯共和国」。 埃及面积有1,001,450平方公里,疆域横跨亚、非两洲,当中大部分位於非洲东北部,另外苏伊士运河以东的西奈半岛位於亚洲西南部。埃及有著独特的地缘位置:在陆路上,它连接亚、非两洲;在海路上,透过苏伊士运河及红海亦连接了地中海及印度洋。所以有历史纪录以来,埃及都是兵家必争之地。现时埃及的西面与利比亚为邻,南与苏丹交界,东临红海并与巴勒斯坦、以色列接壤,北临地中海。 埃及全境有95%为沙漠。最高峰凯瑟琳山海拔2,629米。世界第一长河尼罗河从南到北流贯全境,境内长1350公里,两岸形成宽约3—16公里的狭长河谷,并在首都开罗以北形成2.4万平方公里的三角洲。这两岸的河谷及三角洲地带,虽然只占埃及全国总面积的4%,但却是埃及99%的人口聚居所在。苏伊士运河是连接亚、非、欧三洲的交通要道。主要湖泊有大苦湖和提姆萨赫湖,以及亚斯文高坝形成的非洲最大的人工湖——纳赛尔水库(5000平方公里)。全境乾燥少雨。尼罗河三角洲和北部沿海地区属地中海型气候,1月平均气温12℃,7月26℃;年平均降水量50—200毫米。其余大部分地区属热带沙漠气候,炎热乾燥,沙漠地区气温可达40℃,年平均降水量不足30毫米。每年4—5月间常有「五旬风」,夹带沙石,使农作物受害。 egypt,officially the arab republic of egypt, ** a country mainly in north africa, with the sinai peninsula forming a land bridge in southwest asia. thereby, egypt ** a transcontinental country, and ** considered to be a major power in north africa, mediterranean region, african continent, nile basin, **ic world and the red sea. covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), egypt ** bordered by the mediterranean sea to the north, the gaza strip and **rael to the northeast, the red sea to the east, sudan to the south and libya to the west. egypt ** one of the most populous countries in africa and the middle east. the great majority of its estimated 77.4 million live near the banks of the nile river, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable agricultural land ** found. the large areas of the sahara desert are sparsely inhabited. about half of egypt's residents live in ** areas, with the majority spread across the densely populated centres of greater cairo, alexandria and other major cities in the nile delta. egypt ** famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous monuments, including the giza pyramid complex and its great sphinx. the southern city of luxor contains numerous ancient artifacts, such as the karnak temple and the valley of the kings. egypt ** widely regarded as an important political and cultural nation of the middle east. egypt possesses one of the most developed and diversified economies in the middle east, with sectors such as tour**m, agriculture, industry and service at almost equal rates in national production. consequently, the egyptian economy ** rapidly developing, due in part to leg**lation aimed at luring investments, coupled with both internal and political stability, along with recent trade and market liberalization. 20210311